Copyright © Science Struck & Buzzle.com, Inc. Earthquakes could give a clue. and drifted NW, N, and NE. Unpublished manuscript. The time span insets show the relation to the period(s) of elevated seismic activity (Dark gray main seismic period; Light gray secondary seismic period). References. Jokull, 58: 251-268. Precursory observations. Eruption ended in late 2010; sample of growing literature on the eruption. This is not a 100% complete list, but you have to have a cut-off somewhere... For an exhaustive list of volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years - Visit the SI/USGS Global Volcanism Program! On 5 April, eruption tremor (at 1-2 Hz recorded at the nearest seismic station, Godabunga) began to gradually decline. There is data available for 4 deformation periods. Jakobsson S P, 1979. According to Sturkell and others (2009), "In 1994, and again in 1999, magma intrusion was detected under the southern slopes of Eyjafjallajokull. One aircraft engine showed melted ash clearly visible on an interior surface. The summit area was still steaming and geothermally active, and the eruption channel was still very hot in October 2010 (figure 18). The Workshop on Ash Dispersal Forecast and Civil Aviation held in Geneva, 18-20 October 2010, addressed the characteristics and range of application of different volcanic ash transport and dispersal models (VATDM), identifying the needs of the modeling community, investigating new data acquisition strategies, and discussing how to improve communication between the volcanology community and operational agencies (eg., Bonadonna and others, 2011). Another jet trainer flew through the plume carrying an air sampling pod to collect dust from the atmosphere at various altitudes, however the measurements have yet to be reported. Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. There is data available for 1 emission periods. There is data available for 5 Holocene eruptive periods. on 22 April. The investigators found that the SO2 gas flux was ~ 3,000 metric tons per day. When activity stopped on April 12 the fissure had issued about 0.025 km3 of magma, giving a mean discharge of 13 m3/s.". J., and Kjr, K.H., eds., The Mrdalsjökull Ice cap, Iceland - Glacial processes, sediments and landforms on an active volcano: Developments in Quaternary Sciences, v. 13, p. 5-12. These vents on the lower E slopes were snow-covered but not under the year-round icecap found at higher elevations. The eruption plume was seen in satellite imagery as far as 200 km from Eyjafjallajökull on both days. IES and IMO reported widespread drifting of existing ash SW on 1 June, with abundant airborne dust in the capitol, Reykjavík. The lava discharged from the vents through open channels as well as internal pathways. One of the nine interferograms selected for modeling the 1999 intrusive episode. The SO2/HCl ratio varied at the 31 March fissure on 1 and 2 April (25% and 5%, respectively). Seismicity continued to decrease and approached pre-eruption levels. There are numerous plates in the mantle layer, just beneath the Earth’s crust. The Institute of Earth Sciences and the Icelandic Met Office reported that a fissure eruption from Eyjafjöll (also known as Eyjafjallajökull) began late at night on 20 March. On 11 April, eruption tremor also approached pre-eruptive levels, but visual observation revealed eruptive activity in late afternoon. As of late May the eruption continued, with occasional plumes that restricted air travel in parts of Europe. Bonadonna, C., Folch, A., and Loughlin, S., 2011, Future Developments in Modeling and Monitoring of Volcanic Ash Clouds, Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), v. 92, no. Pedersen, R., F. Sigmundsson,, 2004. Larsen, G., 1999, Gosi í Eyjafjallajökli 1821-1823 [The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 1821-1823]: Science Institute Research Report RH-28-99, Reykjavík, 13 p. Pedersen, R., Sigmundsson, F., and Einarsson, P., 2007, Controlling factors on earthquake swarms associated with magmatic intrusions; Constraints from Iceland: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 162, p. 73-80. Lava was still limited to the immediate surroundings of the eruptive craters (runouts of less than few hundred meters). Etna is de grootste actieve vulkaan in Europa en is momenteel 3.329 meter hoog, hoewel deze hoogte varieert als gevolg van de uitbarstingen van Mount Etna. Heue, K.-P., Brenninkmeijer,C.A.M., Baker, A. K., Rauthe-Schöch, A., Walter, D., Wagner, T., Hörmann, C., Sihler, H., Dix, B., Frieß, U., Platt, U., Martinsson, B. G., van Velthoven, P.F.J., Zahn, A., and Ebinghaus, R., 2011, SO2 and BrO observation in the plume of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano 2010: CARIBIC and GOME-2 retrievals, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 11, pp. The next day, mild explosive activity ejected spatter 100 m above the crater and shockwaves were detected every few seconds; an ash plume rose 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. As former president, Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, said referring to Katla: âYou ainât seen nothing yet!â Ash clouds, initially up to ~11 km altitude. Lava advanced N into the Hrunagil and Hvannárgil valleys, with continuation of intermittent lava falls (figures 6-8). The second eruption occurred within the initially ice-covered caldera of Eyjafjallajökull. Iceland-Fires. A new crater was seen in the W part of the caldera at the site of the new explosive activity. Many people reported of symptoms like irritation in the eyes, nose, cough, etc. Catalog number links will open a window with more information. Ash plumes rose slightly higher the next day, to an altitude of 5.4 km (17,700 ft) a.s.l. In addition, several other papers relevant to the eruption were presented during this meeting, as well as at the Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in Seattle, WA, in January 2011, and at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) 2011 General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. Latest results from GPS stations showed deflation. Further References. The eruptions from such volcanoes may raise up to eight thousand feet from their base. Closure decisions by civil authorities were based on ash dispersal modeling provided by the London Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), which is based in the United Kingdom's Met Office (figure 11). Information Contacts: Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, Askja, 101 ReykjavÃk, Iceland (URL: http://www.earthice.hi.is/page/ies_volcanoes) [contributors:Páll Einarsson, ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Niels Oskarsson, Gudrun Larsen, Sigrun Hreinsdottir, Rikke Pedersen, Ingibjörg Jónsdóttir]; Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO), Bústaðavegur 9, 150 ReykjavÃk, Iceland (URL: http://en.vedur.is/) [contributors:Steinunn Jakobsdóttir, Kristin S. Vogfjord, Sigurlaug Hjaltadottir, Gunnar B. Gudmundsson, Matthew J. Roberts]; The Environment Agency of Iceland, Sudurlandsbraut 24, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland (URL: http://english.ust.is/); NASA Earth Observatory (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/); London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre, Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB, United Kingdom (URL: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/aviation/vaac/). Jokull, 35: 83-95 (in Icelandic with English summary). Following The Atlantic Conference on Eyjafjallajökull and Aviation in Iceland, 15-16 September 2010 (discussed below), a field trip brought scientists to accessible areas on the volcano, including the flank vent on Fimmvörðuháls ridge where the eruption began. High tremor with lava flows; generally weak and ash-poor plumes. Eruption tremor remained unchanged. Some of the tephra came to rest in the ice cauldrons around the vents (in terms of uncompacted volume, 30 x 106 m3), some began filling the Gígjökulslón lagoon after transport by floods down the N-flank Gígjökull outlet glacier (10 x 106 m3), and airborne tephra blown to the E and S (100 x 106 m3). Tremor with a dominant frequency of 0.5 Hz remained continuous during this second eruptive phase. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports. Two small vents above the water level on the W side emitted brown-colored clouds. According to Gudmundsson and others (2010b) the summit eruption produced 0.1-0.2 km3 (dense rock equivalent) of tephra. The first leg of your journey is along the south coast, with a stop at the fairy tale-like Seljalandsfoss waterfallâthe only one of its kind in Iceland where you ⦠The eruptive activity in the N ice cauldron was seen to be similar to conditions during the preceding four days, but a new crater had formed in the cauldron's SW corner. What left us amazed was the fact that a relatively unknown, relatively smaller volcano eruption could have a major impact on the world, specially on the economy (airlines are believed to have lost $1.7bn, and around 10m people were stranded due to the volcanic ash). Carn, S.A., Karlsdottir, S., and Prata, F., 2010, The 2010 Eruption of Eyjafjallajokull: A Landmark Event for Volcanic Cloud Hazards I, II, and III, Abstracts V41E, V53F, and V54C presented at 2010 Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, 13-17 December 2010 (URL: http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm10/program/index.php). Lava flowed N and spread at an elevation of 500 m. The lava flow was about 200 m wide and lava channels that enter this flow were ~ 30-60 m wide. From 20 March to 12 April 2010 the eruption's first phase occurred from a fissure 9 km ENE of the summit, an area named Fimmvörðuháls, located between the Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull icecaps (figure 1). You 're ok with this, but no lava flows covered an estimated area of 1.3 square and! Base map appeared in BGVN 35:03 ) contained an alternate model by Einarsson... Volcanoes 6 Conference ( URL: http: //www.agu.org/pub/eos/ ) at 5.3 km 17,400... 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